TEAMS , TEAMWORK , AND AUTOMATION IN AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL Philip

cent initiatives involving social psychology applications in the aviation world have redoubled the interest in ept of teams and teamwork. The importance of teamwork in airline cockpits, hailed as cockpit (or crew-) management (CRM), has been recognized for a relatively long time. It is also widely agreed that extensive ctive interaction among participants in the National Airspace System (NAS), pilots, air traffic controllers, ine operations personnel, is tantamount to the daily successes of the nation’s air transportation industry. pects in air traffic control (ATC) are, however, much more convoluted than intra-cockpit teams or top-level rk between NAS elements. The ATC system involves a complicated network of facilities, technology, and el, which all must interact synergistically, often under time pressure, to ensure safe, efficient, and orderly air traffic. It is perhaps due to this complexity that there has been a significant deficiency in research activity to teamwork in ATC. Yet, inadequate coordination between controllers has been considered a causal factor stantial proportion of low to moderate severity operational errors. Furthermore, automation tools developed rollers are primarily focused on supporting the individual controller, while many, if not all of ATC functions m effort. In this paper we review the literature relevant to the team concept in the ATC domain, identify and rize the different teams controllers belong to either simultaneously (e.g., intraand inter-facility teams) or in t operational environments, and catalog the results from research literature as they pertain to the aforemeneams in ATC and their specific characteristics. Our principal focus is on concepts such as taskload, workd situation awareness. Within this framework, we also map recent automation applications to ATC teams, ghlighting their impact on the team dimension of human factors in ATC.